AO: Haiti

Background: On 30 September 1991, President Aristide (the democratically elected president), was overthrown in a coup de’tat, headed by Lieutenant-General Raoul Cedras and forced into exile. The violent and unconstitutional actions of the Haitian military forces were immediately and strongly condemned by the international community.

The Multinational Force (MNF), Haiti, was authorised by the Security Council of the United Nations in July 1994 and was instructed to bring about the end to the regime that ousted the country’s democratically elected government in 1991, and ensure the return of President Aristide.

In September 1994, the President of the United States, Bill Clinton, stated that all diplomatic efforts had been exhausted and, in accordance with Security Council resolution 940 (1994), force might be used to remove the military leadership from power in Haiti and ensure the return of the democratic Government of President Aristide.

The military involvement in Haiti began on 19 September 1994, in which the US led a 28 nation MNF into Haiti – unopposed. On 28 September 1994, LTGEN Cedras resigned as Commander-in-Chief of the Haitian Armed Forces. UNMIH followed with UNMOs monitoring the progress of Resolution 940.

Deployed: 3 Army personnel (2 x CAPT and 1 x SSGT) and a number of Australian police officers. The MNF included police officers from a number of countries including Australia and was the first overseas mission where Australian Police Officers were armed.

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 19 July 2006 : Hazardous Service on or after 17 September 1994.

Awards: Australian Service Medal (ASM) with Clasp ‘HAITI’ ; Multination Force Haiti (US)  Campaign Medal ; may be entitled to the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) medal.

Australia: 4-21 October 1994.

AO: Papua New Guinea – BOUGAINVILLE

Since 1988, the Eastern Island of Bougainville, which nestles in between the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, had seen a protracted guerrilla war against the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). The guerillas – the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), were fighting for independence from PNG, allowing themselves to establish an autonomous Country, rich in mineral resources.

In an attempt to bring peace and stability to the region, Australia led a peacekeeping force to broker a peace agreement between the PNG Government and the BRA, with a view to hold free and fair elections in the long term. This force was known as the South Pacific Peacekeeping Force (SPPKF), which deployed between 4-21 October 1994.

Tasked with providing security for the Peace conference held in Arawa, the SPPKF was deployed to cover four neutral zones, Team Sites were established to each of the four neutral zones, with a HQ established in ARAWA. Support was provided by Tonga, Fiji and Vanuatu in the provision of Infantry troops, with New Zealand providing additional C-130 aircraft.

The Bougainville Revolutionary Army, (BRA), not trusting the allegiance of the SPPKF with the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF), did not attend the Peace conference. As a result the conference collapsed. OPERATION LAGOON lasted less than 3 weeks with only limited success in that an agreement was signed committing the island to long term peace.

The Truce Monitoring Group (TMG) and the Peace Monitoring Group (PMG), with troops and personnel provided from Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Vanuatu and Fiji was to be established late in 1997.

Deployed: Army: SASR; 3^rd Brigade, including 103 Signal Squadron, 5^th Aviation Regiment (4 X Blackhawks), 4 Field Regiment (RAA), 3^rd Combat Engineer Regiment, 3^rd Brigade Administrative Support Battalion (Medics); RAN assests: HMA Ships SUCCESS, TOBRUK & 2 X Sea King Helicopters; RAAF Assets: Medics, Air Transportable Telecommunications Unit (ATTU), 2 X CC-08 Caribou (Short Range Transport aircraft), 4 x C-130 Hercules (Long Range Transport aircraft) with ground crews.

Strength: Approx 800.

VEA: Schedule 3 from 21 September 1994.

Awards: Nil.

Operation TAMAR

Australia: 25 July 1994 – 8 March 1996.

AO: Rwanda and the areas in Uganda, Zaire (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Burundi and Tanzania that are not more than 50 kilometres from the border with Rwanda.

Background: Fighting between the Armed Forces of the mainly Hutu Government of Rwanda and the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) first broke out in October 1990 across the border between Rwanda and its northern neighbour, Uganda. A number of ceasefire agreements followed but hostilities resumed in the northern part of the country in early February 1993. The United Nations active involvement in Rwanda started in 1993, when Rwanda and Uganda requested the deployment of military observers along the common border to prevent the military use of the area by RPF. In October 1993, the Security Council established another international force, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), to help the parties implement the agreement, monitor its implementation and support the transitional Government. UNAMIR’s demilitarized zone sector headquarters was established upon the arrival of the advance party and became operational on 1 November 1993. Deployment of the UNAMIR battalion in Kigali, composed of contingents from Belgium and Bangladesh, was completed in the first part of December 1993, and the Kigali weapons-secure area was established on 24 December.

The United Nations solicited troop contributions, but initially only Belgium with a half a battalion of 400 troops, and Bangladesh with a logistical element of 400 troops, offered personnel. It took five months to reach the authorized strength of 2,548. But because of many unresolved issues between the parties, implementation of the agreement was delayed. Consequently, the inauguration of the transitional Government never took place. Within a background of distrust and revenge, in April 1994, the Presidents of Rwanda and of Burundi were killed while returning from peace talks in Tanzania, when the Rwandese plane crashed, in circumstances that are still to be determined, as it was landing in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital. This set off a tidal wave of political and ethnic killings: the Prime Minister, cabinet ministers and UNAMIR peacekeepers were among the first victims. The killings, targeting Tutsi and moderate Hutus, were mainly carried out by the armed forces, the presidential guard and the ruling party’s youth militia. The RPF resumed its advance from the north and the east of Rwanda, and government authority disintegrated.

An interim Government was formed, but failed to stop the massacres. With the RPFs southward push, the number of displaced persons and refugees increased tremendously. On 28 April alone, 280,000 people fled to Tanzania to escape the violence. Another wave of refugees went to Zaire. The United Nations and other agencies provided emergency assistance on an unprecedented scale. UNAMIR sought to arrange a ceasefire, without success, and its personnel came increasingly under attack. However US pressure mounted in New York to reduce the UN involvement. After some countries unilaterally withdrew their contingents, the Security Council on 21 April 1994, reduced UNAMIR’s strength from 2,548 to 270. Despite its reduced presence, UNAMIR troops managed to protect thousands of Rwandese who took shelter at sites under UNAMIR control.

UNAMIR could do little to stop the genocide. As the situation worsened, Belgium withdrew its UN personnel and it was debated if all of UNAMIR should be withdrawn. However, on 17 May 1994, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo against Rwanda, and called for urgent international action and increased UNAMIR’s strength to up to 5,500 troops. Known as UNAMIR II, its task was to “contribute to the security and protection of displaced persons, refugees and civilians at risk in Rwanda”, including, where possible, the establishment of “secure humanitarian areas”. Australia agreed to send a medical team to provide support for UNAMIR II personnel and, as a secondary role, to provide humanitarian relief to the Rwandans.

To contribute to the security of civilians, the Council authorized a multi-national humanitarian operation. French-led multinational forces carried out “Operation Turquoise”, which established a humanitarian protection zone in south-western Rwanda. The operation ended in August 1994 and UNAMIR took over in the zone. In July, RPF forces took control of Rwanda, ending the civil war, and established a broad-based Government. The new Government declared its commitment to the 1993 peace agreement and assured UNAMIR that it would cooperate on the return of refugees. By October 1994, estimates suggested that out of a population of 7.9 million, at least half a million people had been killed. Some 2 million had fled to other countries and as many as 2 million people were internally displaced. A United Nations humanitarian appeal launched in July raised $762 million, making it possible to respond to the enormous humanitarian challenge. A Commission of Experts established by the Security Council reported in September that “overwhelming evidence” proved that Hutu elements had perpetrated acts of genocide against the Tutsi group in a “concerted, planned, systematic and methodical way.” The final report of the Commission was presented to the Council in December 1994.

ADF: July 1994 – March 1996. Australia agreed to send a medical team to provide support for UNAMIR II personnel and, as a secondary role, to provide humanitarian relief to the Rwandans.

Australia sent two contingents to Rwanda, each one serving for six months. The first Australian contingent, comprising 308 members, mostly arrived in the country in late August. Later known as AUSMED, the Australian Medical Support Force provided UNAMIR’s medical support and was made up of a medical company, an infantry company group from 2/4 RAR, four Armoured Personnel Carriers, Signals and a logistic support company. The medical company included two specialist surgical teams, a preventative medical section, a medical support platoon (providing pathology and pharmacy functions), and a dental capacity. The medical unit was not based on an established medical unit but instead drew its members from the three services – 17 from the RAAF, seven from the RAN, and the rest from the army. Twenty-six members of the medical team were women.

Flying into Kigali, the Australians based themselves at the Kigali Central Hospital, which had been badly damaged during the fighting. They set up an operating theatre in the only room without holes in the roof from mortar shells. The Australians also had the only working X-ray centre in Rwanda, the only blood bank, the only intensive care unit, and the only air-conditioned operating theatre.

Although the contingent was tasked to provide medical assistance to UNAMIR II, most cases treated by the Australians were Rwandans. The contingent also trained local hospital staff and sent small groups to provincial towns to provide medical aid. Infantry soldiers accompanied the medical teams and gave them protection.

The second contingent that took over from the first during the last weeks of February 1995 included B Company 2 RAR, engineers from the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment, and armoured personnel carriers from B Squadron 3rd/4th Cavalry Regiment. Surgeons and other medical specialists, mainly from the Army Reserve, as well as the RAN and RAAF Reserve, were rotated through the force on a six-week basis.

On 19 April 1995 a group of 32 Australian soldiers and medical personnel were sent to the Kibeho refugee camp to assist refugees and UNAMIR activities. The situation within the camp was desperate. There was little food or water and the refugees, mostly Hutu who may have taken part in the earlier genocide, were harassed by the RPF.

From 20 to 23 April the RPF began to close down and empty the camp. The already tense situation descended into a violent massacre, with the RPF killing around 4,000 people and injuring 600. Under fire and often under the threat of the RPF, the Australians managed to set up a Casualty Evacuation station and conduct triage and treatment for the wounded Hutus. The medical team struggled to cope with the sheer volume of wounded, many of whom were evacuated to Kigali hospital. In addition to the Australian troops, a company of Zambian peacekeepers was also in Kibeho when the massacre began. Restricted by the UN Mandate and the Rules of Engagement, the Australian soldiers could only look on in horror as to what had unfolded in front of them. It was later argued that UN presence at Kibeho stopped the RPF from killing everyone in the camp and creating an even worse outcome.

After the Kibeho massacre the Australians concentrated on training the Rwandans to whom they handed over some hospital duties. In August the Australians were replaced by a team of 30 civilians from Norway.

The MSF was awarded the RSL ANZAC Peace Prize in 1995, for outstanding restoration of peace in the strife-torn central African nation.

Deployed: 652 (Total with ASC1 & ASC2 rotations). Medical Support Force – comprising ADF Medical and Surgical Personnel, Infantry Rifle Company, APC Section, Engineers, Signals, RAEME and supporting elements.

Wounded: 3

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 26th March 2006: Warlike Service.

Awards: *Australian Active Service Medal (AASM) with Clasp ‘ RWANDA’ ; UNAMIR Medal.
* Upgraded from Australian Service Medal Gazette S79 dated 23 May 2006.

• To be eligible to wear the citation insignia with the Federation Star, members must have completed 30 days service on Operation Tamar between the dates of 25 July 1994 and 8 March 1996.

Operation CORACLE

Australia: 12 July 1994 – 31 Mar 2002

AO: MOZAMBIQUE

The Mission was established by Security Council Resolution 782 of 13 October 1992 to monitor and verify the cease-fire, the separation and concentration of forces, their demobilization and the collection, storage and destruction of weapons; to monitor and verify the complete withdrawal of foreign forces; to monitor and verify the disbanding of private and irregular armed groups; to authorize security arrangements for vital infrastructures; to provide security for the United Nations and other international activities in support of the peace process, especially in the corridors; to provide technical assistance and monitor the entire electoral process; to coordinate and monitor all humanitarian assistance operations, in particular those related to refugees, internally displaced persons, demobilized military personnel and the affected local population and to facilitate the implementation of the general peace agreement for Mozambique. Upon completion of the task, the UN Mission was terminated in January 1995.

Australia’s role was to provide Engineer instructional support for the Demining program of ONUMOZ, teaching mine awareness, detection and destruction.

The Australian Contribution was withdrawn on January 2002 due to the change of the United Nations Mandate to a Non-Government Organisation (NGO).

Deployed: Engineer instructional support (2 Personnel). Estimated total 31

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 19 July 2006 : Hazardous Service.

Awards: Australian Service Medal (ASM) with Clasp “MOZAMBIQUE” ; ONUMOZ medal.

Australia: 13 February 1997 to 12 May 1997

AO: GUATEMALA.

In September 1994, the General Assembly decided to establish a Human Rights Verification in Guatemala acting on a recommendation by the Secretary-General that such a mission could make a contribution to a persisting pattern of human rights abuse. MINUGUA was a civilian and humanitarian peacekeeping mission established in 1997 for the conflict in Guatemala.

Australia provided one peacekeeper to the mission to monitor the ceasefire between the Guatemalan Government and the revolutionary force – Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca. The mission terminated in May 1997.

Deployed: 1 ADF Observer.

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 19 July 2006: Non-warlike Service.

Awards: Australian Service Medal (ASM) with Clasp ‘GUATEMALA’ ; MINUGUA Medal.

Operation POLLARD

Australia: 15 Feb 1998 – 1 October 2001.

AO: All sea, airspace and land North and West from 5 deg 00 min S 68 deg 00 min E and encompassing the outer boundaries of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan and Kenya.

As tensions grew high between Saddam Hussein and American President Bill Clinton during the simmering Gulf Conflict, the Australian Government was requested to provide military assistance to the United States-led Coalition Force in the Middle East.

Deployed: 1 x B707 Air Refuellers and crews, SAS Squadron, one ADF liaison officer. Total approx 200.

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 17 September 2001: Non-warlike Service.

Awards & Qualifying Periods: Australian Service Medal (ASM) with Clasp ‘IRAQ’. Alloted 7 days/ Assigned 30 days.

Operations ALLIED FORCE & JOINT GUARDIAN

Australia: 25 Jan 1997 – ongoing (Exchange posted personnel to UK & US forces).

AO: KOSOVO.

Background: Following the adoption of the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1244, General Jackson (European Command), acting on the instructions of the North Atlantic Council, made immediate preparations for the rapid deployment of the security force (Operation Joint Guardian), mandated by the United Nations Security Council.  The first elements entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999. As agreed in the Military Technical Agreement, the deployment of the security force – KFOR – was synchronized with the departure of Serb security forces from Kosovo. By 20 June 1999, the Serb withdrawal was complete and KFOR was well established in Kosovo.

At its full strength KFOR comprised some 50,000 personnel as a multinational force under unified command and control with substantial NATO participation. A system of multinational brigades was established with Britain as the lead nation in Multinational Brigade (Centre) (MNB (C)), encompassing Pristina and Podujevo. The British deployed two battalion battle groups, with battle groups from Finland, Norway and Sweden and a small element from the Czech Republic completing the brigade. The remainder of KFOR consisted of MNB(N), led by the French in Mitrovica; MNB (S), led by Germany from Prizren; MNB (E), headed by the USA in the enormous Camp Bondsteel in Urosevac; and MNB (W), under Italian command in Pec. In all, 19 NATO nations and 18 non-NATO countries contributed formed units to KFOR. Individuals from other countries have been occasionally attached to units of these troop-contributing nations, as has been the case for Australians attached to British units since 1999.

Deployed: The number of Australians deployed at any one time varied from one to four.

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 24th August 1999: Non-warlike Service during any period from 15 April 1999 to 3 June 1999 (OPERATION ALLIED FORCE).
Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 24th August 1999: Non-warlike Service during any period on or after 11 June 1999 (OPERATION JOINT GUARDIAN).

Awards: Australian Service Medal (ASM) with Clasp ‘BALKANS’ ; NATO Medal with Clasp ‘KOSOVO’.

Operation FABER

Australia: 19 June – 15 September 1999

AO: East Timor and the territorial sea of Indonesia adjacent to East Timor. (12NM from low water mark).

Deployed: 45 Military Liaison Officers (MLO) and over 250 officers Australian Federal Police (AFP) by 2000.

History: The former Portuguese colony known as Portuguese Timor was occupied by Indonesia from 1975. In 1999, after 25 years of Indonesian rule, Indonesia agreed to a United Nations sponsored referendum for independence shortly after Indonesia’s first democratic elections.

The United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) was established to organise and conduct the vote at the end of August 1999. The Security Council Resolution of 11 June 1999 authorised ‘the deployment within UNAMET of up to 280 civilian police officers to act as advisers to the Indonesian Police in the discharge of their duties and, at the time of the consultation, to supervise the escort of ballot papers and boxes to and from the polling sites’. The resolution also authorised ‘the deployment within UNAMET of 50 military liaison officers to maintain contact with the Indonesian Armed Forces in order to allow the Secretary-General to discharge his responsibilities under the General Agreement and the Security Agreement’.

UNAMET saw the referendum of the East Timorese people to vote for Independence or Integration into Indonesia. UNAMET was to see the peaceful transition of a UN monitored election. The Election result was an overwhelming 4 to 1 vote for Independence from Indonesia – the first free and fair elections the people of East Timor had ever had. However, in the lead up to the election and once the result was declared, the Indonesian Military and pro-Indonesian militias including the Aitarak Militia, launched a campaign of violence, rape, murder, looting and arson throughout the country. Many East Timorese people were killed and almost half a million were displaced from their homes.

It was necessary for the UN to temporarily abandon the UNAMET mission. Most Australian Military Liaison Officers and Police personnel were recalled back to Australia.

As the violence remained uncontrolled, Indonesia agreed to the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force. A United Nations Security Council resolution authorised the International Force in East Timor (INTERFET) which was the Australian Government initiative to re-install law and order to East Timor. Subsequently the Australian led INTERFET force began arriving in East Timor from 16 September 1999.

VEA: Schedule 3 (9 Jun – 15 September 1999), Schedule 2 (from 16 September 1999).

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 9 November 1999: Non-warlike Service – member of the ADF assigned for service during any period 19 June 1999 to 15 September 1999 with OPERATION FABER.

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 21 June 2000: Warlike Service member of the ADF on OPERATION FABER during the period 16 September 1999 to 23 February 2000.

Awards: Australian Active Service Medal (AASM) with Clasp ‘EAST TIMOR’ ; Australian Service Medal (ASM) with Clasp ‘EAST TIMOR’ ; UNAMET Medal.

Operation SPITFIRE, Operation STABILISE, Operation WARDEN

Australia: 6 September 1999 – 18 February 2000.

INTERFET

AO: Indonesia, Darwin Australia and East Timor (including Oecusse district in the western part of the island of Timor).

History: Australia’s 1999 East Timor peace enforcement (peacemaking) operation dwarfed previous peacekeeping efforts as the new nation achieved independence from Indonesia. The former Portuguese colony was occupied by Indonesia from 1975. In 1999, after 25 years of Indonesian rule, Indonesia agreed to a United Nations sponsored referendum for independence, shortly after Indonesia’s first democratic elections.

The United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) was established to organise and conduct the vote at the end of August 1999, which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of independence. In the lead up to the election and once the result was declared, pro-Indonesian militias launched a campaign of violence, rape, murder, looting and arson throughout the country. Many East Timorese were killed and almost half a million were displaced from their homes.

During the period 6-19 September 1999, ADF Special operations, under Operation SPITFIRE, managed the evacuation of 2475 Australian and other nominated nationals from East Timor.

As the violence remained uncontrolled, Indonesia agreed to the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force. A United Nations Security Council resolution authorised the International Force in East Timor (INTERFET) which was the Australian Government initiative to re-install law and order to East Timor.

INTERFET, with the role of restoring peace and security, protecting and supporting UNAMET, and facilitating humanitarian assistance operations, began arriving on September 16, 1999. INTERFET was the largest deployment of Australian Troops since the Second World War and was the first time Australia was a central participant in forming and leading an international coalition force. At the peak of INTERFET, the coalition of 23 troop-contributing countries provided more than 11,000 personnel.

Then Major General Peter Cosgrove was the force commander of INTERFET in what was a politically and militarily tense atmosphere. The first five aircraft to land in Dili carried Special Forces and the lead elements of the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR), who secured the airport along with British forces and established contact with the Indonesian military. The main 3 RAR Group included soldiers from 108 Field Battery and B Squadron and the 3rd /4th Cavalry Regiment, who left Darwin on HMAS Jervis Bay and HMAS Tobruk. In preparation for the naval elements, troops from the 2nd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) deployed by air and secured the port at Dili. In all, 33 sorties by C-130 Hercules from Australia, the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand deployed 1500 troops in the first 24 hours. By the second day almost 3000 troops were in country.

The 5/7th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (5/7 RAR) Battalion Group including 2nd Field Troop (Mechanized) from 1st Combat Engineer Regiment, Communications and Information Systems Detachments from 1st Combat Signals Regiment, a forty man Civil-Military Liaison Group from 103rd Medium Battery and a 2nd line logistic Company from 1st Combat Service Support Battalion, deployed to Dili by a combination of C130 sorties, RAN and civilian shipping over the period 7 to 20 Oct 99. The Battalion Group relieved both 2 and 3 RAR of their AOs centred on the capital by 11 Oct 99, with the enhanced mobility, communications, firepower and protection allowing the Battalion Group to undertake wider security tasks than the two light battalions.

The intensity of military operations in East Timor continued and after the 30-day mark, Major General Cosgrove said nearly 80 per cent of the country was returned to a state of peace and stability, which allowed most East Timorese to get on with their lives.

On 3 Jan 00 the 5/7 RAR Battalion Group assumed responsibility from 2 RAR for the northern sector of the border region. With the draw down of Australian troop commitments in Jan/Feb, the 5/7 RAR Battalion Group remained in position and worked to Commander SECTOR WEST based in Suai which had previously been the 3rd Brigade HQ. The border region lent itself to hostile activity by the militias, now predominantly based in West Timor. Incursions across the border by these groups continued throughout the following months.

On 21 Feb 00, the 5/7 RAR Battalion Group donned ‘blue berets’ to become the first Australian infantry battalion to be permanently assigned to a UN force since the Korean War. After a memorable Anzac Day service the 5/7th Battalion handed over to 6th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (6 RAR) who became AUSBATT II.

INTERFET completed its tasks on 23 February 2000, with a formal transfer of military command and control responsibility to the Headquarters of the UN Peacekeeping Force, part of UNTAET.

Deployed: The size of Australia’s military deployment fell from a peak of 5700 at the end of November 1999 to approximately 1600 in 2001-2002. Australian troops were gradually drawn down over several years after 2000, however major rioting in Dili in May 2006 prompted more Australian Defence Force members to be deployed to East Timor as part of Operation ASTUTE.

DOI: 1 Lance Corporal Russell Eisenhuth, RACT, on 17^th of January 2000.

Wounded: Approx 10

Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 2 November 1999: Warlike Service – member of the ADF assigned for service during any period 6 September 1999 to 19 September 1999 with OPERATION SPITFIRE.
Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 21 June 2000: Warlike Service – member of the ADF on OPERATION STABILISE during the period 16 September 1999 to 23 February 2000.
Veterans’ Entitlements Determination dated 21 June 2000: Warlike Service – member of the ADF on OPERATION WARDEN during the period 16 September 1999 to 10 April 2000.

Awards: Australian Active Service Medal (AASM) with Clasp ‘EAST TIMOR’ ; INTERFET Medal – INTERFET-S159-00-Letters-Patent.pdf. MUC awarded to the Army’s 3^rd Special Air Service Squadron, 2^nd Airfield Defence Guard (RAAF), and RAN Task Unit 645.1.1 .